Centripetal and centrifugal forces of globalization: the prevalence of closure in times of deglobalization
Globalization, in its essence, has always been immersed in a game of contradictory forces that shape the destiny of nations and societies. Celso Lafer, in his analyzes of international politics, highlighted the coexistence of centripetal forces, that promote integration and interdependence, and centrifugal forces, that drive fragmentation and closure. This onslaught, which throughout the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century oscillated between moments of collaboration and conflict, appears to have entered a cycle particularly inclined towards deglobalization. As we look back at the year ending, the international panorama points to a world where centrifugal forces have assumed a disturbing role, redefining the foundations of the global economy and relations between people.
The centripetal forces of global....